Biology › Section G · Chromosomes and DNA › Topic G.2
Chromosomal basis of inherited disorders
Meiosis is regulated, but not perfect. When chromosomes miscount or break, the results show up in a karyogram - a photographed, stained, sorted inventory of a person's chromosomes - as extra copies, missing pieces, or rearranged segments. Reading that chart is how clinicians see disorders like Down, Turner, and Klinefelter syndromes before a child is born.
In this topic
- Karyotypes: the chromosome photograph
- The language of chromosomes
- Nondisjunction: the count goes wrong
- Aneuploidy and gene dosage
- Why sex chromosome errors are milder
- Deletions and duplications
- Inversions: reversing a segment
- Translocations: moving a segment
- Worked example: census of a failed meiosis
- Worked example: three karyograms
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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