American Government › Section E · Civil rights › Topic E.1
What are civil rights?
Every law sorts people into groups, by age, income, licence or residence. Civil rights law asks which of those lines are fair, and courts have built a three-level test to answer that question.
In this topic
- Equal treatment under law
- Where the guarantees come from
- Government action and private conduct
- Rational basis review
- Intermediate scrutiny for sex
- Strict scrutiny for race
- Purpose, not just effect
- Worked example: choosing the level of scrutiny
- Worked example: spotting a civil rights issue
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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