US History › Section A · Worlds meet › Topic A.5
Religious upheaval and challenges to Spain
In the 1500s, a quarrel over church practice split western Christianity and turned Europe's kingdoms against one another. This topic explains the Protestant Reformation and how Protestant England, France's traders and the Dutch began to challenge Spain's hold on the Atlantic world.
In this topic
- Martin Luther's challenge
- John Calvin and predestination
- England breaks with Rome
- Catholic renewal and religious war
- The Spanish Armada
- Worked example: from a church quarrel to an Atlantic rivalry
- England's privateers and Roanoke
- Worked example: weighing the evidence from Roanoke
- Joint-stock companies and first footholds
- France and the Dutch Republic
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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