Philosophy › Section G · Epistemology › Topic G.2

Knowledge and the Gettier problem

Knowing seems to be more than believing truly, but what is the extra ingredient? A three-page paper from 1963 showed that the most natural answer fails, and the search for a better one reshaped epistemology.

In this topic

  • More than true belief
  • Justified true belief
  • Where the analysis came from
  • Gettier's 1963 paper
  • Worked example: Gettier's second case
  • Older and newer cases
  • Adding a fourth condition
  • Replacing the justification condition
  • Worked example: testing the fixes
  • Is the problem solvable?
  • Common mistakes to avoid
  • Key takeaways

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