Macroeconomics › Section O · Monetary policy and bank regulation › Topic O.3
Financial regulation and the future of money
After 2008, governments rewrote the rules for big banks, and the bank failures of 2023 tested them. Meanwhile apps, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and central bank digital currencies are changing what money looks like. This topic covers both, with facts dated to late 2026.
In this topic
- Too big to fail
- The post-2008 rulebook
- Worked example: a stress test
- 2023: the rules tested
- Consumer protection and inclusion
- Fintech and instant payments
- Cryptocurrencies
- Worked example: crypto as a unit of account
- Stablecoins
- Central bank digital currencies
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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