Electrical Engineering › Section Q · Thyristors, operational amplifiers, and power conversion › Topic Q.8

Differentiators, integrators, and positive feedback

Put a capacitor in an op-amp circuit and its output starts to respond to how a signal changes over time: its rate of change, or its running total. Feed the output back to the noninverting input instead, and the op-amp gains a memory that cleans up noisy signals and makes oscillators.

In this topic

  • Circuits that respond to time
  • The differentiator
  • Worked example: differentiating a triangle
  • The integrator
  • Worked example: an integrator ramp
  • Keeping an integrator honest
  • Positive feedback: a two-state memory
  • The Schmitt trigger
  • Worked example: Schmitt thresholds
  • The relaxation oscillator
  • Common mistakes to avoid
  • Key takeaways

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