Electrical Engineering › Section P · Semiconductor theory, diodes, and transistors › Topic P.11
Feedback, amplifier impedances, current mirrors, ratings, and quirks
Real transistors are unpredictable: β wanders, currents drift with heat, and gain fades at high frequency. Negative feedback, careful impedance work, current mirrors and respect for ratings are how engineers build dependable circuits from them anyway.
In this topic
- Feeding the output back
- Worked example: emitter degeneration
- Feedback around high gain
- Amplifier impedances
- Current mirrors
- Worked example: a current mirror
- Transistor ratings and packages
- Worked example: derating
- Quirks: distortion, drift and runaway
- High frequency and noise
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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