Differential Equations › Section E · Systems of differential equations › Topic E.8

Nonhomogeneous systems

Real systems are pushed from outside: brine flows into a tank, a motor drives a set of masses, a heater warms a room. This topic shows how to add that push to a linear system and still solve it exactly, using the same two methods you met for single equations.

In this topic

  • Systems with an outside push
  • Complementary plus particular
  • Undetermined coefficients with vectors
  • Worked example: a linear forcing term
  • When the forcing matches an eigenvalue
  • Fundamental matrices
  • Variation of parameters for systems
  • Worked example: variation of parameters
  • The matrix exponential
  • Common mistakes to avoid
  • Key takeaways

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