Computer Science › Section E · Networking and the internet › Topic E.4

Internet protocols: layers, TCP, and UDP

Sending a message across the internet involves software on your device, on the destination and on every router in between. That software is organised into layers, each solving one part of the problem, and at the transport layer an application chooses between two protocols with very different promises: TCP and UDP.

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In this topic

Why layers?
The four layers
Encapsulation
Worked example: one message, three packets
Ports: finding the right program
TCP: reliable and connection-oriented
UDP: lightweight and connectionless
IP: forwarding, routing and time to live
Worked example: TTL and traceroute
The OSI model and the move to IPv6
Common mistakes to avoid
Key takeaways

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