Chemistry › Section P · Thermodynamics › Topic P.3

The second and third laws

A system's entropy can fall during a spontaneous change, as when water freezes on a cold night. The second law explains why: what always rises is the entropy of the system and its surroundings together. The third law then gives entropy a true zero, so every substance can be given an absolute entropy value.

In this topic

  • The system is not the whole story
  • The second law of thermodynamics
  • Worked example: why heat flows from hot to cold
  • Entropy change of the surroundings
  • Worked example: will water freeze?
  • The third law of thermodynamics
  • Standard molar entropies
  • Entropy changes for reactions
  • Worked example: burning methane
  • Common mistakes to avoid
  • Key takeaways

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