Calculus › Section O · Multiple integrals › Topic O.8

Change of variables and Jacobians

The extra r in polar integrals, the substitution factor g′(t), the area of a tilted parallelogram — one determinant explains them all. Change of variables trades an awkward region for an easy one, at the price of a Jacobian.

In this topic

  • When regions fight back
  • The Jacobian of a transformation
  • Why a determinant measures area
  • Worked example: polar, again
  • Worked example: a parallelogram's area
  • Worked example: an integral over the parallelogram
  • Three dimensions, and one
  • Common mistakes to avoid
  • Key takeaways

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Standards: Beyond AP

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