Anatomy & Physiology › Section Q · The heart › Topic Q.4
Cardiac physiology and heart development
A resting heart moves about 5 L of blood a minute, yet during hard exercise it can pump three or four times as much. This topic shows how heart rate and stroke volume are adjusted, and how the heart itself takes shape in the embryo.
In this topic
- Cardiac output
- Worked example: output at rest and in exercise
- Nervous control of heart rate
- Signals that reach the centre
- Chemical and physical factors
- Stroke volume: preload
- Contractility and afterload
- Exercise and maximum heart rate
- Worked example: holding output steady after blood loss
- How the heart develops
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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