Anatomy & Physiology › Section O · The endocrine system › Topic O.4
The adrenal and pineal glands
Each adrenal gland is really two glands in one: a steroid factory wrapped around a cluster of modified nerve cells. Between them they manage salt, fuel and stress. Deep in the brain, the tiny pineal gland turns darkness into a hormone signal.
In this topic
- Two glands in one
- Three zones of the cortex
- Aldosterone and the RAAS
- Worked example: blood loss and the RAAS
- Cortisol and the HPA axis
- The adrenal medulla
- Short-term and long-term stress
- Too much or too little cortisol
- Worked example: where is the fault?
- The pineal gland and melatonin
- Common mistakes to avoid
- Key takeaways
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