Doing research: the scientific method
Sociologists test ideas about society with evidence, following the same basic logic as other sciences.
Steps of research
Research usually starts with a question, then a review of existing studies, then a hypothesis: a testable statement about the relationship between variables. Researchers design a study, collect data, analyse it, and report conclusions so others can check and build on the work.
Variables and operational definitions
An independent variable is the presumed cause; a dependent variable is the effect. To measure abstract ideas like 'social class' or 'happiness', researchers write operational definitions that say exactly how they will be measured, such as household income or answers on a rating scale. Good measures are reliable (consistent) and valid (measuring what they claim).
Correlation is not causation
Two variables are correlated when they change together. That does not prove one causes the other. Ice cream sales and drowning rates both rise in summer, but ice cream does not cause drowning; hot weather affects both. When a hidden third variable creates the link, the correlation is called spurious, and researchers try to control for such variables.
Flashcard
A testable statement about how variables are related
Check your understanding
A study finds that cities with more fire trucks have more fire damage. What is the best interpretation?