Observational and cognitive learning
We also learn by watching others and by forming mental maps, not just through direct rewards.
Bandura's Bobo doll studies
Albert Bandura showed children an adult hitting an inflatable Bobo doll. Children who watched the aggressive model were more likely to act aggressively themselves. Observational learning, or modelling, involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation; seeing a model rewarded makes imitation more likely (vicarious reinforcement).
Latent learning
Edward Tolman found that rats explored a maze without rewards still learned its layout, forming a cognitive map. When food was later added, they quickly ran the maze. Learning that is not shown until there is a reason to show it is called latent learning, evidence that thinking plays a role in learning.
Learning in real life
Children learn language, manners, and skills by imitating parents, teachers, and peers. Media models can teach both helpful (prosocial) and harmful behaviours. Effective study also uses learning principles: rewarding yourself after study sessions and spacing practice over time improve results.
Flashcard
Learning by watching and imitating others
Check your understanding
A boy watches his older sister get praised for setting the table, then starts setting the table himself. This is: